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Making “Three Generations”
——The Constitution and Modern Destiny of Confucian “Three Generations” Historical Views and Modern Destiny
Author: Liu Fenghong (Dean of the Institute of Philosophy, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences)
Source: “Modern Philosophy” Issue 3, 2020
Abstract:Confucianism has formed the concepts of the three generations on the basis of classics such as “Pen” and “Book”. Late Confucianism believed that the reason why the Three Dynasties were a whole was that its most basic foundation was the gift. From the “Travel Notes” and other information, it can be seen that the focus of the three generations of gifts is on the sacrifice. Confucianism uses virtue to explain the change of the three periods of history. It is precisely the change of virtue and gift that made the three generations not only the source of Confucian civilization and value, but also developed as a form of explaining history based on the concept of history. Although the development of history in modern times denies the three generations of events constructed by Confucianism, the three generations still have the main meaning within Confucianism.
Keywords:Three Dynasties; Confucianism; “Travels”
The Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties ranked in the late stage of Chinese history in the time sequence. Gossip back? “Family comes, the Three Dynasties are not only a historical stage and historical concept, but also a historical philosophy. Ye Qiukun is very curious about what would happen if she deviated from the so-called plot, even political philosophy would happen. When we study Confucian history and philosophy, the first thing we should analyze is the three generations of Confucianism. Among the three dynasties, Su contained Confucian social, political and moral concepts.
The most important classic for the historical knowledge and shaping Confucian historical view is “Pen Shu” and “Book”. There are twenty-eight chapters of “Shang Shu” in the current text: two chapters of “Yu Shu”, two chapters of “Xia Shu”, five chapters of “Shang Shu”, and nineteen chapters of “Zhou Shu”. These texts were already circulated before Confucius. Confucius cleaned up or edited this, “Above the Tang and Yu worlds, to the Qin dynasty, the second thing is to be written.” (“Historical Records·Confucian Family”) “The Legend of the Confucians” and “Changfa” in “The Book of Songs” record the history of the late Shang people, while “Biography”, “Public Records”, “Zheng”, “Bright”, etc. in “Big Ya”, “Drive”, “June”, “Picking” and so on are the historical poems of the Zhou people. The historical view of the Three Dynasties of Confucianism is based on the historical (and tradition) mentioned in “Pen” and “Book”. However, Confucian’s understanding of the Three Dynasties is not only a record and remembrance of historical facts. Just as history is constructed by later generations, the concept of “Three Dynasties” is also constructed by later Confucian scholars on the basis of the history of the Three Dynasties. From this meaning, the “three generations” are also “made”. The important thing about “manufacturing” here refers to its subjectivity, nature and timeliness, and has no networking.
In addition, Confucianism from the war to the Han Dynasty used this as a basis for the history of the three dynasties to create increasingly complex historical theories to explain itThe development of history also explains the real compliance with the law. The literary theory with two as the cycle, the three-state and three-regional theory with three as the cycle, the four-regional theory with four as the cycle, the five-regional virtues with five as the cycle, and the combination of these divergent circles forms a complex theory. These theories can be said to be the development and evolution of the three Confucian dynasties.
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The historical view of the three dynasties of Confucianism, of course, began with Confucius. Although Confucius was a descendant of the Yin people, his civilization fantasy and political management idea were “from the Zhou Dynasty”. Confucius knew the history and civilization since the Shang and Zhou dynasties, and often compared the Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties, which shows that he already had a clear three-generation idea. “The Book of Songs” records:
The Master said: “I can speak of Xia Feng, but Qi lacks signs; I can speak of Yin Feng, but Song lacks signs. href=”https://taiwanlog.net/sweetlove99/”>平台平台平台平台平台平台平台平台平台平台平台平台平台平台平台平台平台平台平台平台平台平台平台平台平台平台平台
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The Master said: “Zhou was in charge of the second generation, and was depressed in literature, and I stayed in Zhou.” (“Speech·Baoyi”)
In “Travels”, some commentaries by Confucius about the gifts of the three generations:
The Master said: “I said that Xia gifts are lacking in Qi; I learned Yin gifts, and there were Song gifts; I studied Zhou gifts, and now I use them, and I will go from Zhou.” (“Travels·Doing the Mean”)
KongBao HaoTuo said: “I want to observe the Tao of Xia, so it is Qi, but it lacks the sign. I get the Tao of Xia. I want to observe the Tao of Yin, so it is Song, so it lacks the sign. I get the “Kun Qian”. The meaning of Kun Qian and the meaning of Xia, so it is the reason why I view it.” (Traditional Notes·Traditional Notes)
It is obvious that these two passages in “Traditional Notes” both express the meaning-based differences that arise from Confucius’ words in “Theory”. “Traditional Notes” “Tan Gong”, “Mingtang Position”, and “Zeng Zi’s Question” also recorded the specific differences and contacts of the three generations of gifts in some specific aspects.
Confucius mentioned the Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties, and believed that their civilizations were inherited from one to another. Confucius also clearly said: “Who can I lose my reputation to others? If I have something to say, I will have something to try. This is easy to approach, and the reason why the three generations acted straight and straight.” (“Speech·Wiling Gong”) From this point of view, although Confucius also believed that the gifts of the three generations had “benefits”, the historical civilizations of the three generations were a whole that was inherited from one to the next. This understanding laid the foundation for ConfucianismThe basic understanding of the history of the Three Dynasties is also the basic understanding of the historical view of the Three Dynasties of Confucianism.
During the war period, Mencius and Xunzun and some other late Confucian scholars clearly regarded the Three Dynasties as a historical whole. Mencius said:
The gift of the marquis is that I have not learned it yet. Although, I have heard of it. After three years of slaughter, the food of shishu and the food of porridge was achieved by the emperor and the common people, and it was shared by the three generations. (Mencius, Duke Teng Wen’s 1)
Design it as a school school to teach it. The sect is to nourish, the sect is to teach, and the sequel is to shoot. Xia is called Xue, Yin is called Xu, Zhou is called Xiang, and Zhou is called Xiang. The three generations of scholars shared it together, which are all the reasons why people of the Ming Dynasty are harmonious. (Mencius·Duke Teng Wen’s 1)
Mencius also summarized the history of the three dynasties as a whole: “The three dynasties gain the whole country with benevolence, and the whole country with unkindness.” (Mencius·Divine Observation) Xunzi also said: “The way cannot pass through the three dynasties, and the law cannot pass through the next king; the way can pass through the three dynasties, and the law can be indecently viewed by the second dynasties.” (Xunzi·King System) It must be said that the three dynasties have gradually become a common understanding of Confucianism.
From Confucius, Mencius and the “Talks”‘s account of the Three Dynasties, Confucians mostly have gifts as the main content. Especially the “Mingtang Statue”, “Dan Gong”, “Zeng Zi’s Question”, “Suburb Special Sacrifice”, “Sacrifice Law”, “Sacrifice” and other chapters of “Travel Notes”, which detailed the differences between the Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties (sometimes, the Youyu family became the “Fourth Generations”) in terms of sacrifices and gifts. Although these specific festivals have different uses, names, music and dances in the rituals of memorial, nurturing, and gifts, their overall structure is different. From these detailed notes in “Traditional Notes”, we can see that the reason why the first and third generations are a whole is that thei
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